Forest soil organic horizons are named on the basis of visual observations
made directly in the field, thus this is often subjective. To find more obj
ective bases for their classification, humus form horizons in 13 beech stan
ds (Fagus sylvatica Ehrh,) were compared. Test sites were located in the Be
lgian Ardennes (western Europe), which encompasses a wide range of ecologic
al conditions. I used a semiquantitative micromorphological method for the
description of horizons, and a multivariate method for data analysis. These
methods helped to discern objective discontinuities among Oi, Oe, and Oa h
orizons, adding new criteria for their characterization, such as the root s
ystem of trees. Within these horizons, transitions between sub-horizons are
gradual and thus do not lie on clear-cut criteria, The transition between
Oa and A horizons was also gradual, The composition of Oa and A horizons va
ries according to humus form. The vertical distribution of soil organisms a
nd their vertical movements were considered the origin of discontinuous and
continuous processes taking part in the transition from one horizon to ano
ther. The observation of horizons under a dissecting microscope may help to
find more reliable bases for their nomenclature, even without the use of c
ostly soil sections.