Simulation of unsteady turbulent flows around moving aerofoils using the pseudo-time method

The pseudo-time formulation of Jameson has facilitated the use of numerical methods for unsteady flows, these methods have proved successful for stead y flows. The formulation uses iterations through pseudo-time to arrive at t he next real time approximation. This iteration can be used in a straightfo rward manner to remove sequencing errors introduced when solving mean flow equations together with another set of differential equations (e.g. two-equ ation turbulence models or structural equations). The current paper discuss es the accuracy and efficiency advantages of removing the sequencing error and the effect that building extra equations into the pseudo-time iteration has on its convergence characteristics. Test cases used are for the turbul ent flow around pitching and ramping aerofoils. The performance of an impli cit method for solving the pseudo-steady state problem is also assessed. Co pyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.