Geographical distribution and species composition of parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea) of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci-complex(Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) in Japan
H. Kajita, Geographical distribution and species composition of parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea) of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci-complex(Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) in Japan, APPL ENT ZO, 35(1), 2000, pp. 155-162
To determine the geographical distribution and composition of parasitoid sp
ecies from Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the Bemisia tabaci-complex (B. tab
aci and B. argentifolii), parasitized whiteflies were collected at differen
t sites in Japan and parasitoids were reared for adult emergence. Amitus sp
., Encarsia citri, E. formosa, E. japonica, ES; lutea, E. transvena, Encars
ia sp., Eretmocerus sp. and Syrphophagus sp. were reared from Trialeurodes
vaporariorum sampled at 125 sites from 1977 to 1998. Amitus sp., E. azimi,
E. citri, E. formosa, E. japonica, E. lutea, E. transvena and Eretmocerus s
p. were reared from a B. tabaci-complex sampled at 36 sites from 1990 to 19
98. The indigenous species E. japonica and E. transvena are widely distribu
ted in Japan and are predominant parasitoids of T. vaporariorum and the B.
tabaci-complex. The introduced parasitoid E. formosa has recently been foun
d at many sites near greenhouses in which it has been used commercially by
seasonal inoculative release to control T. vaporariorum and B. argentifolii
. This is because some E. formosa leave the greenhouses to parasitize white
flies in the field. Single species composition per site was dominant for T.
vaporariorum and not numerous for the B. tabaci-complex. At the sites cont
aining two or three parasitoid species, E. formosa was attacked frequently
by E. japonica and E. transvena which are facultative heteronomous hyperpar
asitoids. In addition, male Syrphophagus sp. was also a hyperparasitoid of
E. formosa.