H. Sonntag et al., Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults?, EUR PSYCHIA, 15(1), 2000, pp. 67-74
To investigate associations between social anxiety and smoking behaviour in
order to explore whether social anxiety predicts the first onset of cigare
tte smoking, regular smoking and the development of nicotine dependence.
Baseline and four-year follow-up data from the Early Developmental Stages o
f Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a prospective-longitudinal community study
of 3,021 adolescents and young adults, are used. Smoking behaviour and psyc
hopathology were assessed with the M-CIDI and its DSM-IV algorithms. At bas
eline, 35.7% of the sample were regular smokers, and 18.7% fulfilled criter
ia for DSM-IV nicotine dependence. Twenty-seven point two percent reported
at least one social rear, and 7.2% met criteria for DSM-IV social phobia, m
ost of whom reported first onset of social fear problems clearly prior to s
moking initiation. Cross-sectional retrospective baseline analyses based on
retrospective reports revealed that social fears and DSM-IV social phobia
were both significantly associated with higher rates of nicotine dependence
. Prospective-longitudinal analyses that were conducted in an attempt to co
nfirm cross-sectional retrospective results showed that baseline non-users
with social fears (OR = 3.85) and baseline non-dependent users with social
fears (OR = 1.5) had an increased risk of onset of nicotine dependence duri
ng the follow-up period of four years. These findings remained significant
even when controlling for co-morbid depressive disorders. Social anxiety wa
s found to be significantly associated with nicotine dependence in both cro
ss-sectional retrospective and prospective-longitudinal analyses. It is sug
gested that social fears could lead to heavy tobacco use as smoking is a so
cially acceptable behaviour that relieves anxiety in social situations. Pos
sible differential effects of social anxiety on the early stages of smoking
behaviour compared to effects on nicotine dependence are discussed. These
findings should stimulate a continued search into potentially causal links
between social fear symptoms and the development of tobacco consumption and
nicotine dependence in adolescence, (C) 2000 Editions scientifiques et med
icales Elsevier SAS.