A neurobiological interpretation of semiotics: meaning, representation, and information

The branch of semiotics called semantics deals with the relation between me anings and representations, widely known as the symbol grounding problem. T he other branches of semiotics, syntactics which deals with symbol-symbol r elations as in a dictionary, and pragmatics which deals with symbol-action paradigms as in traffic signs, are well done by computers, but semantics ha s eluded computer simulation. In: my view? this is because computer program mers have neglected that aspect of Shannon's definition by which informatio n has no meaning; computers process information, whereas brains create mean ing. Brains obtain information about the world through the consequences of their own embodied actions. The information thus obtained is used in constr ucting meaning and is then discarded. One kind of information in the world consists of representations made by other brains for social communication. Computers use representations for information processing and symbol manipul ation. However, brains have no internal representations. They deploy dynami c neural operators in the form of activity patterns, which constitute and i mplement meaning but not information, so:that the problem of symbol groundi ng does not arise. Brains construct external representations in the form of material objects or movements as:their means for expressing their internal states of meaning, such as words, books, paintings, and music, as well as facial expressions and gestures in animals and humans, but even though thos e material objects are made with the intent to elicit meaning in other brai ns,: they have no meanings in themselves and do not carry meanings as if th ey were buckets or placards. Meanings can only exist in brains, because eac h meaning expresses the entire history and experience of an individual. It is an activity pattern that occupies the entire available brain, constituti ng a location in the intentional structure of a brain. It is the limited sh aring of meanings between brains for social purposes that requires reciproc al exchanges of representations, each presentation by a transmitting brain inducing the construction of new meaning in the receiving brain. EEG data i ndicate that neural patterns of meanings in each brain occur in trajectorie s of discrete steps, which are demarcated by first-order state transitions that enable formation of spatiotemporal patterns of spatially coherent osci llations. Amplitude modulation is the mode of expressing meanings. These wa ve packets do not represent external objects; they embody and implement the meanings of objects for each individual, in terms of what they portend for the future of that individual, and what that individual should do with and about them. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.