Chromium(VI) reductase activity is associated with the cytoplasmic membrane of anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1

Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 can reduce a diverse array of compounds under anaerobic conditions, including manganese and iron oxides, fumarate, nitrat e, and many other compounds. These reductive processes are apparently linke d to a complex electron transport system. Chromium (Cr) is a toxic and muta genic metal and bacteria could potentially be utilized to immobilize Cr by reducing the soluble and bioavailable state, Cr(VI), to the insoluble and l ess bioavailable state, Cr(III). Formate-dependent Cr(VI) reductase activit y was detected in anaerobically grown cells of S. putrefaciens MR-1, with h ighest specific activity in the cytoplasmic membrane. Both formate and NADH served as electron donors for Cr(VI) reductase, whereas l-lactate or NADPH did not support any activity. The addition of 10 mu mol l(-1) FMN markedly stimulated formate-dependent Cr(VI) reductase, and the activity was almost completely inhibited by diphenyliodonium chloride, an inhibitor of flavopr oteins. Cr(VI) reductase activity was also inhibited by p-chloromercuriphen ylsulphonate, azide, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinolone-N-oxide, and antimycin A, suggesting involvement of a multi-component electron transport chain which could include cytochromes and quinones. Cr(V) was detected by electron para magnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, suggesting a one-electron reduction as the first step.