Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced apoptosis and differentiation in retinoicacid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia model in hGM-CSF-producing transgenic SCID mice

Recent clinical studies in China and USA showed that arsenic trioxide (As2O 3) is an effective treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients refractory to all-trans retinoic acid (RA). We here investigate the effect s of As2O3 on RA-resistant APL in vivo and in vitro using our RA-resistant APL model system. As2O3 can induce inhibition of cellular growth of both RA -sensitive NB4 and RA-resistant UF-1 APL cells via induction of apoptosis i n vitro. The expression of BCL-2 protein decreased in a dose- and time-depe ndent manner in NB4 cells. Interestingly, the levels of BCL-2 protein were not modulated by As2O3, but it did upregulate BAX protein in UF-1 cells. UF -1 cells (1 x 10(7)) were transplanted into hGM-CSF-producing transgenic SC ID mice and successfully formed subcutaneous tumors. After 40 days of impla ntation, mice were treated with As2O3, all-trans RA and PBS for 21 days. In all-trans RA- and PBS-treated mice, tumors grew rapidly, with a 4.5-fold i ncrease in volume at day 21 compared to the initial size. In marked contras t, tumor size was decreased to half of the initial size by the treatment of As2O3, which resulted in cells with the typical appearance of apoptosis. I nterestingly, one of the As2O3-treated mice showed mature granulocytes in t he diminished tumor, suggesting that As2O3 had dual effects on RA-resistant APL cells in vivo: both inducing apoptosis and differentiation of the leuk emic cells. We conclude that our RA-resistant APL model will be useful for evaluating novel therapeutic approaches to patients with RA-resistant APL, and for further investigation of the metabolism of As2O3 in vivo.