O. May et al., Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of L-methionine, NAT BIOTECH, 18(3), 2000, pp. 317-320
Using directed evolution, we have improved the hydantoinase process for pro
duction of L-methionine (L-met) in Escherichia coli. This was accomplished
by inverting the enantioselectivity and increasing the total activity of a
key enzyme in a whole-cell catalyst. The selectivity of all known hydantoin
ases for D-5-(2-methylthioethyl)hydantoin (D-MTEH) over the L-enantiomer le
ads to the accumulation of intermediates and reduced productivity for the L
-amino acid. We used random mutagenesis, saturation mutagenesis, and screen
ing to convert the D-selective hydantoinase from Arthrobacter sp. DSM 9771
into an L-selective enzyme and increased its total activity fivefold. Whole
E. coli cells expressing the evolved L-hydantoinase, an L-N-carbamoylase,
and a hydantoin racemase produced 91 mM L-met from 100 mM D,L-MTEH in less
than 2 h. The improved hydantoinase increased productivity fivefold for >90
% conversion of the substrate. The accumulation of the unwanted intermediat
e D-carbamoyl-methionine was reduced fourfold compared to cells with the wi
ld-type pathway. Highly D-selective hydantoinase mutants were also discover
ed. Enantioselective enzymes rapidly optimized by directed evolution and in
troduced into multienzyme pathways may lead to improved whole-cell catalyst
s for efficient production of chiral compounds.