Kp. Black et al., Cytokine profiles in parotid saliva from HIV-1-infected individuals: changes associated with opportunistic infections in the oral cavity, ORAL MICROB, 15(2), 2000, pp. 74-81
The purpose of this study was to quantitate levels of cytokines in parotid
saliva of subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and
to determine if the cytokine profiles differ in subjects with an oral oppo
rtunistic infection, i.e., candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia. Parotid s
aliva samples were obtained from HIV-infected individuals with or without c
andidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and from healthy controls and were ass
essed by ELISA for levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, t
ransforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon
(IFN)-gamma. Saliva from HIV-infected subjects with oral candidiasis had si
gnificantly higher levels of IFN-gamma than that seen in HIV-infected indiv
iduals with no oral disease and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IL-5 a
nd IFN-gamma than saliva of healthy controls. No significant difference was
seen in cytokine levels in saliva from HIV-infected subjects with no oral
infections and healthy controls. The HIV-infected subjects with oral hairy
leukoplakia displayed significantly higher levels of both IL-1 alpha and IF
N-gamma compared with the HIV and no oral disease group and a higher level
of IFN-gamma than seen in saliva from the healthy control group. In compari
ng cytokine levels from both HIV and oral disease groups, significant diffe
rences were detected in levels of IL-5 and IL-10. These results indicate th
at the profile of salivary cytokines is altered as a result of the oral opp
ortunistic infection candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and also by conc
urrent HIV infection.