Cluster subtypes within stage of change in a representative sample of smokers

In this paper a three-level conceptualization of approaches to matching sel f-help behavior change strategies to individuals is presented based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change. Two of the model's intervention approache s, tailoring to Stage-of-Change and creating completely individualized inte rventions; have already been developed and implemented in previous research . A third intervention approach, in between stage-tailored and individualiz ed, is targeting subtype groups within each Stage of Change. The subtype ta rgeted intervention approach is in the initial development stage of empiric ally determining and validating the stage subtypes. Three studies are prese nted which investigate stage subtypes within a representative sample of 4,1 44 smokers in the Precontemplation, Contemplation, and Preparation Stages o f Change. Within each Stage-of-Change study, two cluster analyses were perf ormed using the Pros, Cons, and Situational Temptations from the Transtheor etical Model to establish cluster replicability. Cluster solutions were ext ernally validated using the 10 Processes of Change and 2 smoking behavior v ariables. Four distinct subtypes were found in Precontemplation and Contemp lation, and five subtypes were found in Preparation. These subtypes closely replicate subtypes previously found in a convenience sample of smokers and provide strong evidence for the existence of subtypes within the first thr ee Stages of Change. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.