Male horn dimorphism in the scarab beetle, Onthophagus taurus: do alternative reproductive tactics favour alternative phenotypes?

In a variety of organisms morphological variation is discrete rather than c ontinuous. Discrete variation within a sex has attracted particular interes t as it is thought to reflect the existence of alternative adaptations to a heterogeneous selection environment. The beetle Onthophagus taurus shows a dimorphism for male horns: males that exceed a critical body size develop a pair of long, curved horns on their heads, while smaller males remain hor nless. In this study we report on the alternative reproductive tactics used by males with these two morphologies, and present-experimental and behavio ural data suggesting that these alternative tactics selectively favour disc retely different male phenotypes. Horned marks aggressively defended tunnel entrances containing breeding females. Fights involved the use of horns, a nd males with longer horns were more likely to win fights. In contrast, hor nless males employed nonaggressive sneaking behaviours when faced with comp etitively superior males. Sneaking behaviours appeared to require high degr ees of manoeuvrability inside tunnels to access and mate with females despi te the presence of a guarding male. Comparisons of running performances of males with identical body sizes but different horn lengths suggest that the possession of horns reduces male agility inside tunnels. Thus, horn posses sion confers a clear advantage to males using fighting behaviours to access females, whereas hornlessness may be favoured in males that rely primarily on sneaking behaviours. Combined, the two alternative reproductive tactics used by male O. taurus appear to favour opposite horn phenotypes, which ma y explain the paucity of intermediate morphologies in natural populations o f O. taurus. (C) 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.