Identification of factors that disrupt negative air pressurization of respiratory isolation rooms

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the airflow characteristics of respiratory isola tion rooms (IRs) and to evaluate the use of visible smoke as a monitoring t ool. METHODS: Industrial hygienists from the New York State Department of Health evaluated 140 designated IRs in 38 facilities within New York State during 1992 to 1998. The rooms were located in the following settings: hospitals (59%), correctional facilities (40%), and nursing homes (1%). Each room was tested with visible smoke for directional airflow into the patient room (i e, negative air pressure relative to adjacent areas). Information was obtai ned on each facility's policies and procedures for maintaining and monitori ng the operation of the IRs. RESULTS: Inappropriate outward airflow was observed in 38% of the IRs teste d. Multiple factors were associated with outward airflow direction, includi ng ventilation systems not balanced (54% of failed rooms), shared anterooms (14%), turbulent airflow patterns (11%), and automated control system inac curacies (10%). Of the 140 tested rooms, 38 (27%) had either electrical or mechanical devices to monitor air pressurization continuously. The directio n of airflow at the door to 50% (19/38) of these rooms was the opposite of that indicated by the continuous monitors at the time of our evaluations. T he inability of continuous monitors to indicate the direction of airflow wa s associated with instrument limitations (74%) and malfunction of the devic es (26%). In one facility, daily smoke testing by infection control staff w as responsible for identifying the malfunction of a state-of-the-art comput erized ventilation monitoring and control system in a room housing a patien t infectious with drug-resistant tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: A substantial percentage of IRs did not meet the negative air p ressure criterion. These failures were associated with a variety of charact eristics in the design and operation of the IRs. Our findings indicate that a balanced ventilation system does not guarantee inward airflow direction. Devices that continuously monitor and, in some cases, control the pressuri zation of IRs had poor reliability. This study demonstrates the utility of using visible smoke for testing directional airflow of IRs, whether or not continuous monitors are used. Institutional tuberculosis control programs s hould include provisions for appropriate monitoring and maintenance of IR s ystems on a frequent basis, including the use of visible smoke.