'The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capitalcity': Identity, modernization and urban form at Mafikeng's margins

With their acute spatial dislocation and racial polarization, South African cities have always offered a great deal of interest for the specialist and non-specialist alike. Arguably, however, this racial 'uniqueness' has in f act burdened and restricted analysis of these cities. Alternative insights are needed to fill out the wider picture of urban diversity in South Africa , particularly variants of the apartheid city within the neglected bantusta n periphery. For almost twenty years Mmabatho was the capital of the nomina lly independent bantustan, Bophuthatswana, This capital was distinctive for being both newly planned and, as the regime intended, also an affirmation of ethnic identity. The article therefore argues that in accounting for Mma batho's urban form and its landscape of exclusion and inequality, the compe ting motivations underpinning its creation should be assessed. The two majo r motivations involved the planned modernism by consultants and the drive f or modernization by the regime itself. Both favored 'top-down' practices ce ntered upon adapting the specificity of Tswana culture to the apparent univ ersalism implicit to modernization. The cultural and political motives of t he regime, coupled with the aesthetic functions defined by the architects a nd planners, reflected the ambiguities implicit in modernizing the urban la ndscape. Bophuthatswana's experience can provide powerful insights into the contradictions of the apartheid project itself; a project which celebrated ethnicity and culture, yet, at the same time, insisted upon modernizing th e less developed (and by implication racially and developmentally inferior) bantustan periphery. Bophuthatswana's 'nation-building' therefore failed t o transcend the universalism implicit in modernist practices. This failure was most visible in the developmental bias towards Mmabatho and the conspic uous inequality between this city and its peri-urban environs. The efforts to create enabling strategies and more democratic planning approaches could perhaps benefit from reflecting upon such ambiguity.