alpha-Synuclein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's dise
ase, since rare autosomal dominant mutations are associated with early onse
t of the disease and alpha-synuclein was found to be a major constituent of
Lewy bodies. We have analyzed alpha-synuclein expression in transfected ce
ll lines. In pulse-chase experiments alpha-synuclein appeared to be stable
over long periods (t(1/2) 54 h) and no endoproteolytic processing was obser
ved. alpha-Synuclein was constitutively phosphorylated in human kidney 293
cells as well as in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. In both cell lines pho
sphorylation was highly sensitive to phosphatases, since okadaic acid marke
dly stabilized phosphate incorporation. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed
that phosphorylation occurred predominantly on serine. Using site-directed
mutagenesis we have identified a major phosphorylation site at serine 129
within the C-terminal domain of alpha-synuclein. An additional site, which
was phosphorylated less efficiently, was mapped to serine 87. The major pho
sphorylation site was located within a consensus recognition sequence of ca
sein kinase 1 (CK-1). In vitro experiments and two-dimensional phosphopepti
de mapping provided further evidence that serine 129 was phosphorylated by
CK-1 and CK-2. Moreover, phosphorylation of serine 129 was reduced in vivo
upon inhibition of CK-1 or CK-2. These data demonstrate that alpha-synuclei
n is constitutively phosphorylated within its C terminus and may indicate t
hat the function of alpha-synuclein is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosp
horylation.