Role of the structural domain of troponin C in muscle regulation: NMR studies of Ca2+ binding and subsequent interactions with regions 1-40 and 96-115 of troponin I

The interaction between the calcium binding and inhibitory components of tr oponin is central to the regulation of muscle contraction. In this work, tw o-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic reson ance (2D-{H-1,N-15)-HSQC NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the stoich iometry, affinity, and mechanisms for binding of Ca2+ and two synthetic TnI peptides [TnI(1-40) (or Rp40) and TnI(96-115)] to the isolated C-domain of skeletal troponin C (CTnC). The Ca2+ titration revealed that 2 equiv of Ca 2+ binds to sites III and IV of CTnC with strong positive cooperativity and high affinity [dissociation constant (KD) < 0.1 mu M]. In this process, CT nC folds from a largely unstructured state to a compact domain capable of i nteracting with TnI. Titration of CTnC . 2Ca(2+) with Rp40 occurs with a 1: I stoichiometry and a K-D of 2 +/- 1 mu M. Titration of CTnC . 2Ca(2+) with a peptide corresponding to the inhibitory region of TnI (TnI(96-115)) also reveals a I:I ratio, but weaker affinity (K-D = 47 +/- 7 mu M). Both Rp40- and TnI(96-115)-induced backbone amide chemical shift changes of CTnC . 2C a(2+) are similarly distributed along the sequence, indicating that these t wo regions of TnI may compete for the same binding site on CTnC . 2Ca(2+). The changes induced by Rp40 are much larger, however, and define the intera ction sites on TnC and regions where the flexibility of hinge and terminal residues is altered. To investigate the possibility of direct competition, TnI(96-115) was titrated into the CTnC . 2Ca(2+) . Rp40 complex, whereas Rp 40 was titrated into the CTnC . 2Ca(2+) . TnI(96-115) complex. The results show that Rp40 can displace TnI96-115 completely, while TnI(96-115) has no effect on CTnC . 2Ca(2+) . Rp40. Recent proposals for the mechanism of musc le regulation [Tripet, B. P., Van Eyk, J. E., and Hodges, R. S. (1997) J. M el. Biol. 271, 728-750] suggest that the N-terminal and inhibitory regions of TnI competitively bind the structural domain of TnC. The findings presen ted here indicate that additional factors, such as interactions between the N-domain of TnC with the C-domain of TnI or the C-domain of TnT, are requi red, if the inhibitory region is going to successfully compete for the stru ctural domain of TnC.