M. Kotora et al., Ni-catalyzed homocoupling of 3-halopropenoates in the presence of water: Formation of hexenedioates, CHEM LETT, (3), 2000, pp. 236-237
Homocoupling of (Z)-3-halopropenoates using a catalytic amount of NiCl2 and
Zn in the presence of water in pyridine afforded a mixture of(Z)- and (E)-
3-hexenedioates.