Recent survey evidence on participation in Europe: Towards a European model?

This article draws on empirical data from the EPOC survey of employee parti cipation in Europe and other data sources to examine cross-nationally the e xtent of four main forms of participation: collective bargaining, direct pa rticipation, indirect (or representative) participation and financial parti cipation. It has been argued that these, taken together, constitute the fou r 'pillars' of a European model. The article concludes by considering wheth er such a European model of participation already exists in practice in the European Union; or if not, whether there is a trend towards such a model.