BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE TECHNIQUES IN MEDICINE .1. BIOIMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT - 2ND SECTION - IMPEDANCE SPECTROMETRY

Electrical impedance spectrometry is an important application field of bioimpedance measurements. After introducing the electrical propertie s of biological tissues, this part presents instrumental aspects and a pplications of electrical impedance spectrometry. The main instrumenta l constraints encountered in spectrometric electrical impedance measur ements are reviewed, focusing on low-frequency applications. Examples of impedance cells and probes are presented and several instrumental s etups operating in the frequency and time domain are described. Some e xamples of applications are presented, including in vitro characteriza tion and modeling of normal tissues, in vitro and in vivo characteriza tion of cancerous tissues, and assessment of tissue perfusion/ischemia levels.