The highest energy cosmic rays observed posses macroscopic energies and the
ir origin is likely to be associated with the most energetic processes in t
he Universe. Their existence triggered a flurry of theoretical explanations
ranging from conventional shock acceleration to particle physics beyond th
e Standard Model and processes taking place at the earliest moments of our
Universe. Furthermore, many new experimental activities promise a strong in
crease of statistics at the highest energies and a combination with gamma-r
ay and neutrino astrophysics will put strong constraints on these theoretic
al models. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations indicate that charged ultra-hig
h energy cosmic rays can also be used as probes of large scale magnetic fie
lds whose origin may open another window into the very early Universe. We g
ive an overview over this quickly evolving research field.