Hepatitis delta virus: The molecular basis of laboratory diagnosis

Infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV), is associated with severe and sometimes fulminant hepatitis. The traditional methods for the diagnosis of HDV infection, such as detect ion of serum anti-HD antibodies, are sufficient for the clinical diagnosis of delta infection. However, such techniques lack the sensitivity and speci ficity required to more accurately characterize the nature of HDV infection and to assess the efficacy of therapies. Recent improvements in molecular techniques, such as HDV RNA hybridization and RT-PCR, have provided increas ed diagnostic precision and a more thorough understanding of the natural co urse of HDV infection. These advances have enhanced the clinician's;ability to accurately evaluate the stage of HDV infection, response to therapy, an d occurrence of reinfection after orthotopic liver transplant. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular biolog y of HDV and in the laboratory diagnosis of HDV infection.