The SHG-response of different phases in proton exchanged lithium niobate waveguides

Reflection second-harmonic generation from the polished waveguide end face is used to investigate the second-order nonlinear optical properties of as- exchanged and annealed proton-exchanged (PE) waveguides in different HxLi1- xNbO3 phases. A detailed correlation is done between the nonlinear properti es, the processing conditions, the refractive index changes, and the optica l losses of the waveguides. It is found that for the direct PE samples, whe re the beta(4), beta(3), and beta(1) phases are generated at the surface, t he nonlinearity in the guide is strongly reduced by more than 85% of its bu lk value, while for waveguides prepared in the beta(2) phase, the nonlinear coefficient is about 55% of the bulk one. A consequence is that the step-l ike beta(i)-phase PE LiNbO3 waveguides with large refractive index increase are advantageous for efficient SHG in Cherenkov configuration. The nonlinearity, strongly reduced after the initial proton exchange, is fo und to be restored and even increased after annealing, However, this appare nt increase of the nonlinearity is accompanied by a strong degradation of t he quality of the second-harmonic generation reflected beam in the region o f initial waveguides due to beam scattering. The graded proton exchange technique and dilute melt proton exchange have b een shown to produce high-quality waveguides with essentially undergraded n onlinear optical properties. It has been also shown that the nonlinear prop erties of annealed proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides can be effectively re covered by the reverse proton exchange technique, The results obtained are important for the design, fabrication, and optimizing of guided-wave nonlin ear optical devices in LiNbO3.