Imaging findings of hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric oncology patients

In pediatric oncology patients, hemorrhagic cystitis may be a life-threaten ing complication of bone-marrow transplantation, chemotherapy, and/or radia tion therapy. The inciting agent in urine can affect the entire urothelium from the renal collecting system to the bladder, and the severity of diseas e can vary. The radiologist often plays a key role in the diagnosis, follow up, and occasionally the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis and its complica tions. This review discusses the imaging findings in the kidneys and bladde r in patients with hemorrhagic cystitis both before and after treatment for this disease. Findings on two-dimensional sonography, color Doppler and po wer Doppler sonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, an tegrade pyleography, and cystography are presented.