Changing views on melanic moths

The rapid rise in frequency of melanic morphs in several moth species, espe cially the peppered moth Biston betularia, in industrial regions during the 19th century, and the subsequent rapid decline, indicate the action of str ong selection. There has recently been a tendency to criticise and question all aspects of research on industrial melanism, including the experiments which suggest that selective predation plays an important part in the chang es. These experiments are reexamined, together with evidence for changes in appearance of tree surfaces and for relation of initial melanic frequency to subsequent rate of decline. It is suggested that intense pollution may h ave been required to drive the carbonaria morph to a high frequency, with f requency patterns over a mosaic environment smoothed by migration. Improvem ents in these extreme locations then triggered the decline, with little ind ication of the environmental changes in areas of moderate pollution. Reason s for criticism of past work are discussed. Industrial melanism continues t o provide an exceptional opportunity to analyse a pattern of selection and change in gene frequency. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.