Styrene hydroformylation over modified Rh/SiO2 center dot Al2O3 catalysts

The hydroformylation of styrene over Rh/SiO2 . Al2O3 has been studied in th e presence of the chiral diphosphines (-)-Chiraphos and (-)-DIOP. FTIR stud ies of the solid-liquid interface show that these molecules react with the surface rhodium gem-dicarbonyl complex to yield Rh(I)(CO)(P-P), which remai ns attached to the solid. FTIR and P-31 CP MAS NMR measurements, indicate t hat the optical modifiers are also adsorbed on the support and to a lesser extent, on the metal surfaces. Leaching of rhodium is greatly reduced by co ntrolling the water content of the solvent and the degree of hydration of t he catalyst surface. Catalytic activity is significantly decreased in the p resence of the diphosphines although high levels of both chemo and regio se lectivity towards the chiral aldehyde are maintained. Optical yields are mo derate (maximum e.e. 9.0%) and drop to zero when the catalysts are reused. Styrene conversion is recovered after recycling of the catalyst. The partic ipation of metallic particles in the hydroformylation process is discussed in relation with the changes that occur under reaction conditions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.