Multidirectional instability of the shoulder in the female athlete

Multidirectional instability (NIDI) of the shoulder is a complex entity, ch aracterized by symptomatic global laxity of the glenohumeral joint. Because symptoms vary widely, making the diagnosis of MDI is not always straightfo rward. In addition, relatively few series of patients with this disorder ha ve been reported, Thus, precise definition, causes, and treatment remain el usive. This article reviews the current literature regarding anatomy, biome chanics, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of MDI that are relevant to care of the female athlete.