Growth of filamentous fungi in submerged culture: Problems and possible solutions

Filamentous fungi are important organisms industrially and continue to attr act research interest as microbiologists attempt to overcome the problems a ssociated with their behavior in submerged culture. This review critically examines the literature describing these problems and where available sugge sts possible solutions to them. The influence of the chemical and physical environment on culture morphology, the process engineering challenges prese nted by different fungal morphologies, and the relationship between fungal morphology and metabolite production are all discussed.