Managing ecosystem resources

We explore some of the special problems faced in the management of environm ental resources, paying particular attention to valuation of ecosystem serv ices, externalities, uncertainty, and nonlinearities characteristic of comp lex adaptive, highly interconnected systems. Through consideration of case studies drawn from the management of lake and mangrove ecosystems, we devel op a theoretical perspective in which we analyze the challenges, suggest ap proaches to their resolution, and endeavor to derive principles that may gu ide management more generally.