Energy intake, overweight, physical exercise and colorectal cancer risk

Epidemiological studies on risk factors for CRC have focused mainly on diet . In any case, the results of these studies show several inconsistencies, e xcept for the beneficial role of high intake of vegetables and, to some les ser extent, of fruit. Weight and height have also been studied, partly beca use they reflect the balance between energy intake and expenditure in diffe rent age periods. Energy intake, body size and physical activity will be re viewed in this paper focusing mostly on recent data coming from Italian, En glish and Scandinavian studies. Overweight has long been recognized as a ri sk factor for hormone related and other cancers and this is confirmed not s imply from case-control studies but from large cohort studies as well. The major findings of recent Italian studies are that excessive weight at vario us ages predicts colorectal cancer risk in men while in women, abdominal ob esity, as indicated by a high WHR, represents a more reliable risk indicato r. If all men could reduce their BMI below 25, about 9% of male colorectal cancer might be avoided in Italy. A decrease of WHR below 0.82 might reduce colorectal cancer in women by 19%. In addition, the epidemiological eviden ce consistently shows that physical activity reduces the risk of colon canc er. On the contrary, evidence on rectal cancer is less impressive. Some uncertainty still exists in relation to the intensity and duration of physical activity. In conclusion, body size control along all life and phys ical activity represent important factors to prevent colon cancer and a wid e range of chronic conditions. Therefore, strategies to favour these goals through counselling from health-care providers, regulatory changes and prog rams aimed at individuals and communities should be implemented. (C) 1999 L ippincott Williams & Wilkins.