State-dependent effects of alcohol on explicit memory: the role of semantic associations

Rationale: Memory performance can be facilitated when the context in which retrieval occurs matches the context in which learning initially took place in two separate ways, in form of interactive or independent context. In th e present study, the differential effects of alcohol, as independent contex t, on the free recall of items of high or low semantic associations were in vestigated. The high and low associations offer different strengths of inte ractive context at stimulus input, i.e. context that influences what will b e stored. Methods: Using a state-dependent retrieval paradigm, alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo was administered prior to encoding and/or retrieval and t heir effects were tested using measures of free recall. Forty-eight partici pants were tested according to a traditional state-dependent retrieval desi gn where half of the subjects studied the items under alcohol (A), half und er placebo (P) followed by retrieval of the items under A or P giving four groups (AA, AP, PA, PP). Results. Delayed free recall was significantly imp aired when alcohol was administered prior to both encoding and retrieval of study material (P<0.05). Alcohol administered prior to encoding and prior to retrieval decreased especially the recall of high association items (P<0 .05). Participants in the same-state groups (AA, PP) recalled fewer low ass ociation items than participants in disparate state groups (AP. PA: P<0.05) . This effect of drug state on low associations may reflect an inability of weaker cues to facilitate retrieval in the presence of stronger cues (i.e. high associations and drug). Indeed, participants in the same-state groups recalled a greater percentage of material in form of high association item s than participants in disparate-state groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that alcohol given at encoding and at retrieval specifi cally impairs retrieval of high association items. However, if the drug sta te is the same at encoding and at retrieval, the items with the high associ ations represent a higher proportion of the total recalled items. These dat a suggest that alcohol may provide an internal context that can facilitate retrieval of information, acquired in semantic context. which otherwise wou ld have been lost.