Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and postnatal environment on child development

Studies on the long-term developmental effects of in utero cocaine exposure are few and the small number of studies published do not consider the post natal environment. The present investigation was conducted to quantify the role that postnatal environment played compared to prenatal exposure. Four groups of 25 infants, each assessed at 12 months of age, were included in t he study design: 1.) noncocaine-exposed children residing with their biolog ical parents in low socioeconomic environments, 2) cocaine-exposed children living with their biological parents in low socioeconomic environments, 3) noncocaine-exposed children adopted at birth in middle to upper-middle soc ioeconomic environments, and 4) cocaine-exposed children adopted at birth. Infants were assessed by the Uzgiris-Hunt Ordinal Scales of Infant Psycholo gical Development, the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence, and the Infant Mo nitoring Questionnaire. Height and head circumference were measured. Gender and ethnicity were controlled statistically. Significant differences were found in cognitive functioning, in fine motor development, and in physical growth between control and prenatally cocaine-exposed children. Adoption en hanced cognitive functioning and fine motor skills among infants not expose d to cocaine prenatally, but had no apparent effect on infants prenatally e xposed to cocaine. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.