Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is required for the switch to the angiogenic phenotype in a tumor model

Among the earliest and most important stages during tumorigenesis is the ac tivation of the angiogenic process, an event that is termed the "switch to the angiogenic phenotype." We have developed an in vivo system that can rel iably recapitulate the stages in tumor development that represent this tran sition. Using this model, we have harvested and studied tumor nodules that can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their degree of vascul arization. Angiogenic tumor nodules were characterized by the presence of c apillary vessels as determined by factor VIII immunohistochemistry, and bot h angiogenic and proteolytic activities in vitro. In contrast, preangiogeni c nodules were devoid of microvessels and showed little angiogenic or prote olytic activity in vitro. Addition of a specific metalloproteinase inhibito r resulted in the abrogation of both angiogenic and proteolytic activities of the angiogenic nodules in vitro. Comparative substrate gel electrophores is detected the presence of a prominent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) in the angiogenic nodules when compared with the preangiogenic ones. Suppress ion of MMP-2 activity by antisense oligonucleotides in the vascular nodules resulted in the loss of angiogenic potential both in vitro and in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Moreover, this suppression of MMP -2 activity in angiogenic nodules inhibited tumor growth in vivo by approxi mately 70%. These results strongly implicate the activity of MMP-2 as a req uirement for the switch to the angiogenic phenotype and validate this model as a reliable and reproducible tool by which to study other cellular and b iochemical factors involved in the acquisition of the angiogenic phenotype.