Growth inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation, and induction of apoptosis bygreen tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in androgen-sensitiveand androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells
S. Gupta et al., Growth inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation, and induction of apoptosis bygreen tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in androgen-sensitiveand androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells, TOX APPL PH, 164(1), 2000, pp. 82-90
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most prevalent cancer diagnosed and the second
leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. Des
criptive epidemiological data suggest that androgens and environmental expo
sures play a key role in prostatic carcinogenesis. Since androgen action is
intimately associated with proliferation and differentiation, at the time
of clinical diagnosis in humans most PCA represent themselves as a mixture
of androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive cells. Androgen-sensitive ce
lls undergo rapid apoptosis upon androgen withdrawal. On the other hand, th
e androgen-insensitive cells do not undergo apoptosis upon androgen blockin
g, but maintain the molecular machinery of apoptosis. Thus, agents capable
of inhibiting growth and/or inducing apoptosis in both androgen-sensitive a
nd androgen-insensitive cells will be useful for the management of PCA. In
the present study, we show that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the
major polyphenolic constituent present in green tea, imparts antiproliferat
ive effects against both androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive human
PCA cells, and this effect is mediated by deregulation in cell cycle and in
duction of apoptosis. EGCG treatment,vas found to result in a dose-dependen
t inhibition of cell growth in both androgen-insensitive DU145 and androgen
-sensitive LNCaP cells. In both the cell types, EGCG treatment also resulte
d in a dose-dependent G(0)/G(1)-phase arrest of the cell cycle as observed
by DNA cell-cycle analysis. As evident by DNA ladder assay, confocal micros
copy, and flow cytometry, the treatment of both DU145 and LNCaP cells with
EGCG resulted in a dose-dependent apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed
that EGCG treatment resulted in (i) a dose-dependent increase of p53 in LN
CaP cells (carrying wild-type p53), but not in DU145 cells (carrying mutant
p53), and (ii) induction of cyclin kinase inhibitor WAF1/p21 in both cell
types. These results suggest that EGCG negatively modulates PCA cell growth
, by affecting mitogenesis as web as inducing apoptosis, in cell-type-speci
fic manner which may be mediated by WAF1/p21-caused G(0)/G(1)-phase cell-cy
cle arrest, irrespective of the androgen association or p53 status of the c
ells. (C) 2000 Academic Press.