A prospective cohort study on antioxidant and folate intake and male lung cancer risk

Citation
Le. Voorrips et al., A prospective cohort study on antioxidant and folate intake and male lung cancer risk, CANC EPID B, 9(4), 2000, pp. 357-365
Citations number
37
Categorie Soggetti
Oncology,"Onconogenesis & Cancer Research
Journal title
CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION
ISSN journal
10559965 → ACNP
Volume
9
Issue
4
Year of publication
2000
Pages
357 - 365
Database
ISI
SICI code
1055-9965(200004)9:4<357:APCSOA>2.0.ZU;2-0
Abstract
Many studies have reported inverse associations between vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk. The aim of the present study was to eluc idate the role of several antioxidants and folate in this relationship. In the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer, 58,279 men of ages 55-69 S ears at baseline in 1986 returned a questionnaire including a 150-item food frequency questionnaire. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 939 male lung cance r cases were registered. A new Dutch carotenoid database was used to estima te intake of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, beta-crypt oxanthin, and lycopene, completed with the antioxidant vitamins C and E and folate. Using case-cohort analysis, rate ratios were calculated, adjusted for age, smoking, educational level, and family history of lung cancer. Pro tective effects on lung cancer incidence were found for lutein + zeaxanthin , beta-cryptoxanthin, folate, and vitamin C. Other carotenoids (alpha-carot ene, beta-carotene, and lycopene) and vitamin E did not show significant as sociations. After adjustment for vitamin C, only folate remained inversely associated, and after adjustment for folate, only beta-cryptoxanthin and vi tamin C remained significantly associated. Inverse associations were strong est among current smokers and weaker for former smokers at baseline. Invers e associations with carotenes, lutein C zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin seemed to be limited to small cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Only folat e and vitamin C intake appeared to be inversely related to small cell and s quamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Folate, vitamin C, and beta-cr yptoxanthin might be better protective agents against lung cancer in smoker s than alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, and lycopene.