To use a symbolic object such as a model, map, or picture, one must achieve
dual representation; that is, one must mentally represent both the symbol
itself and its relation to its referent. The studies reported here confirm
predictions derived from this concept. As hypothesized, dual representation
was as difficult for 2(1)/(2)-year-olds to achieve with a set of individua
l objects as it was with an integrated model. Decreasing the physical salie
nce of a scale model (by placing it behind a window) made it easier for 2(1
)/(2)-year-old children to treat it as a representation of something other
than itself. Conversely, increasing the model's salience as an object (by a
llowing 3-year-old children to manipulate it) made it more difficult to app
reciate its symbolic import. The results provide strong support for dual re
presentation.