Is face recognition not so unique after all?

In monkeys, a number of different neocortical as well as limbic structures have cell populations that respond preferentially to face stimuli. Face sel ectivity is also differentiated within itself: Cells in the inferior tempor al and prefrontal cortex tend to respond to facial identity, others in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus to gaze directions, and yet anot her population in the amygdala to facial expression. The great majority of these cells are sensitive to the entire configuration of a face. Changing t he spatial arrangement of the facial features greatly diminishes the neuron s' response. It would appear, then, that an entire neural network for faces exists which contains units highly selective to complex configurations and that respond to different aspects of the object "face." Given the vital im portance efface recognition in primates, this may not come as a surprise. B ut are faces the only objects represented in this way? Behavioural work in humans suggests that nonface objects may be processed like faces if subject s are required to discriminate between visually similar exemplars and acqui re sufficient expertise in doing so. Recent neuroimaging studies in humans indicate that level of categorisation and expertise interact to produce the specialisation for faces in the middle fusiform gyrus. Here we discuss som e new evidence in the monkey suggesting that any arbitrary homogeneous clas s of artificial objects-which the animal has to individually learn, remembe r, and recognise again and again from among a large number of distractors s haring a number of common features with the target-can induce configuration al selectivity in the response of neurons in the visual system. For all of the animals tested, the neurons from which we recorded were located in the anterior inferotemporal cortex. However, as we have only recorded from the posterior and anterior ventrolateral temporal lobe, other cells with a simi lar selectivity for the same objects may also exist in areas of the medial temporal lobe or in the limbic structures of the same "expert" monkeys. It seems that the encoding scheme used for faces may also be employed for othe r classes with similar properties. Thus, regarding their neural encoding, f aces are not "special" but rather the "default special" class in the primat e recognition system.