C. Mcnair et al., Cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana: Olfactory recognition of and behavioral deterrence by nonhost angio- and gymnosperm volatiles, J CHEM ECOL, 26(4), 2000, pp. 809-821
We tested the hypothesis that males and females of the cherry bark tortrix
(CBT), Enarmonia formosana, antennally perceive and behaviorally respond to
volatiles from nonhost plants. Volatiles from flowering cherry trees, Prun
us serrulata Kwanzan, and from nonhost trees, including trembling aspen, Po
pulus tremuloides, grand fir, Abies grandis, Norway spruce, Picea abies, an
d Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, were captured on Porapak Q and extracts ana
lyzed by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EA
D). Compounds that elicited responses from male and female antennae were id
entified by coupled CC-mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparative CC-MS and
GC-EAD with authentic standards. In field cage and field experiments, nonan
al from aspen trees and (+/-)-alpha-pinene from coniferous trees were effec
tive in reducing captures of male CBT in pheromone-baited traps and deterri
ng oviposition by female CBT on cherry blocks. Recognition of nonhost volat
iles, such as nonanal and alpha-pinene, may allow male and/or female CBT to
avoid trees that provide inadequate concealment from predators during call
ing, resting, and copulation and that are unsuitable for oviposition and de
velopment of offspring. Nonhost volatiles may also be exploited for control
of CBT by disrupting both mate- and host-finding.