The striking photoluminescence properties of porous silicon have attracted
considerable research interest since their discovery in 1990. Luminescence
is due to excitonic recombination quantum confined in Si nanocrystals which
remain after the partial electrochemical dissolution of silicon. Porous si
licon is constituted by a nanocrystalline skeleton (quantum sponge) immerse
d in a network of pores. As a result, porous silicon is characterized by a
very large internal surface area (of the order of 500 m(2)/cm(3)). This int
ernal surface is passivated but remains highly chemically reactive which is
one of the essential features of this new and complex material. We present
an overview of the experimental characterization and theoretical modeling
of porous silicon, from the preparation up to various applications. Emphasi
s is devoted to the optical properties of porous silicon which are closely
related to the quantum nature of the Si nanostructures. The characteristics
of the various luminescence bands are analyzed and the underlying basic me
chanisms are presented. In the quest of an efficient electroluminescent dev
ice, we survey the results for several porous silicon contacts, with partic
ular attention to the interface properties, to the stability requirement an
d to the carrier injection mechanisms. Other device applications are discus
sed as well. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.