Self-assembled carbohydrate-stabilized ceramic nanoparticles for the parenteral delivery of insulin

The insulin-bearing aquasomes were fabricated by first preparing the nanosi ze calcium phosphate dihydrate core. The calcium phosphate dihydrate core w as prepared by colloidal precipitation and sonication of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution and calcium chloride solution at low temperature. This c ore was coated with cellobiose, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, or trehalose under s onication and was further loaded with the drug at low temperature by a part ial adsorption mechanism. The prepared systems were characterized for size, shape, size distribution, drug loading efficiency, and in vivo performance . The in vivo performance of the formulated aquasome was compared with stan dard porcine insulin solution, and better results were observed compared to insulin solution.