Biofiltration of air contaminated by styrene: Effect of nitrogen supply, gas flow rate, and inlet concentration

The biofiltration process is a promising technology for the treatment of di lute styrene emissions in air (less than 1 g.m(-3)). The efficiency of this process is however strongly dependent upon various operational parameters such as the filter bed characteristics, nutrient supplies, input contaminan t concentrations, and gas flow rates (gas residence times). The biofiltrati on of air containing styrene vapors was therefore investigated, employing a novel biomass filter material, in two identical but separate laboratory sc ale biofiltration units (units 1 and 2), both biofilters being initially in oculated with a microbial consortium. Each biofilter was irrigated with a n utrient solution supplying nitrogen in one of two forms; i.e., mainly as am monia for unit 1 and exclusively as nitrate for unit 2. The experimental re sults have revealed that greater styrene elimination rates (up to 141 g.m(- 3).h(-1)) are achieved in the biofilter supplied with ammonia as the major nitrogen source in comparison to the lesser elimination performance (up to 50 g.m(-3).h(-1)) obtained with the nitrate provided biofilter. However, in achieving the high styrene removal rates in the ammonia supplied biofilter , the excess of biomass accumulates on the filtering pellets and causes pro gressive clogging of the filter media. Furthermore, the effectiveness of ni trate supply as the sole nitrogen nutrient form, on reducing or controlling the biomass accumulation in the filter media in comparison to ammonia, cou ld not be satisfactorilly demonstrated because the two biofilters operated with very different styrene elimination capacities. The monitoring of the c arbon dioxide concentration profile through both biofilters revealed that t he ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the styrene removed was approximatel y 3/1, which confirms the complete biodegradation of removed styrene, given that some of the organic carbon consumed is also used for the microbial gr owth. The effects of the most important design parameters, namely styrene i nput concentrations and gas flow rates, were investigated for each nutrient solution.