M. Kuhl et al., Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is stimulated by Wnt and frizzled homologs and promotes ventral cell fates in Xenopus, J BIOL CHEM, 275(17), 2000, pp. 12701-12711
Wnt ligands working through Frizzled receptors have a differential ability
to stimulate release of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and activation of prot
ein kinase C (PKC). Since targets of this Ca2+ release could play a role in
Wnt signaling, we first tested the hypothesis that Ca2+/ calmodulin-depend
ent protein kinase II (CamKII) is activated by some Wnt and Frizzled homolo
gs. We report that Wnt and Frizzled homologs that activate Ca2+ release and
PKC also activate CamKII activity in Xenopus embryos, while Wnt and Frizzl
ed homologs that activate beta-catenin function do not. This activation occ
urs within 10 min after receptor activation in a pertussis toxin-sensitive
manner, concomitant with autophosphorylation of endogenous CamKII. Based on
data that Wnt-5A and Wnt-11 are present maternally in Xenopus eggs, and ac
tivate CamKII, we then tested the hypothesis that CamKII participates in ax
is formation in the early embryo. Measurements of endogenous CamKII activit
y from dorsal and ventral regions of embryos revealed elevated activity on
the prospective ventral side, which was suppressed by a dominant negative X
wnt-11. If this spatial bias in CamKII activity were involved in promoting
ventral cell fate one might predict that elevating CamKII activity on the d
orsal side would inhibit dorsal cell fates, while reducing CamKII activity
on the ventral side would promote dorsal cell fates. Results obtained by ex
pression of CamKII mutants were consistent with this prediction, revealing
that CamKII contributes to a ventral cell fate.