Chlorophyll fluorescence - a practical guide

Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis has become one of the most powerful and w idely used techniques available to plant physiologists and ecophysiologists . This review aims to provide an introduction for the novice into the metho dology and applications of chlorophyll fluorescence. After a brief introduc tion into the theoretical background of the technique, the methodology and some of the technical pitfalls that can be encountered are explained. A sel ection of examples is then used to illustrate the types of information that fluorescence can provide.