Cash distributed to public shareholders is distributed through three mechan
isms: dividends, open market repurchases (OMRs), and repurchase lender offe
rs (RTOs). The leading explanation for why a corporation would distribute c
ash through an RTO rather than an OMR or a dividend is the "signaling theor
y" - that managers use RTOs to signal that the stock is underpriced
The Article has three main purposes: (1) to challenge the signaling theory,
by exposing a flaw in one of its key assumptions and presenting empirical
data suggesting that the theory cannot account for most RTOs; (2) to show t
hat the same empirical data are consistent with insiders using RTOs to enga
ge in insider trading with public shareholders; and (3) to propose that ins
iders be (a) required to disclose their tendering decision before the close
of the RTO and (b) forbidden from selling stock outside of the RTO until s
ix months after the announcement date. The Article explains how this "discl
ose/delay" rule would substantially reduce insiders' ability to use RTOs fo
r insider trading, without interfering with the use of RTOs for any other p
urpose (including signaling).