M. Shiomi et al., EFFECTS OF CARBON IN NEGATIVE PLATES ON CYCLE-LIFE PERFORMANCE OF VALVE-REGULATED LEAD ACID BATTERIES/, Journal of power sources, 64(1-2), 1997, pp. 147-152
Increasing amounts of carbon in the negative plates of valve-regulated
lead/acid batteries reduced the PbSO4 accumulation and extended the l
ife performance in the simulated cycle-life test using the operational
pattern of hybrid electric vehicles and photovoltaic power systems. I
t improved also the rechargeability of large batteries and cycle-life
performance when operated in the condition of a small overcharge. Carb
on formed a conductive network on PbSO4 particles of the discharged ne
gative plates.