Effects of stem and likert response option reversals on survey internal consistency: If you feel the need, there is a better alternative to using those negatively worded stems

The controversy with regard to using reverse or negatively worded survey st ems has been around for several decades; it is a practice of questionable u tility intended to guard against acquiescence or response set behaviors. A 2 x 3 design in which item stem direction and item response pattern directi on were crossed was used to determine effects on internal consistency relia bility as measured by Cronbach's alpha. The condition having the highest al pha was when all directly worded stems were used with bidirectional respons e options. Alpha was higher and accounted for at least 10%, and in one case 20%, higher internal consistency as compared with any of the three conditi ons in which negatively worded stems were used. This would indicate that th e use of all directly worded stems and half of the response options going i n one direction and half going in the other direction may be a better way o f guarding against acquiescence and response set behaviors than the use of items with negatively worded stems.