COMPARISON OF CLINICAL JUDGMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THEDIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS - EXPERIENCE WITH A SCORE-AIDED DIAGNOSIS

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of clinical judgment an d diagnostic ultrasonography (US) used routinely and to create a scori ng system to aid diagnosis. Design: Prospective, double-blind study. S etting: University hospital, Denmark. Subjects: 222 Consecutive patien ts suspected of having acute appendicitis admitted between 0800 and mi dnight from June 1990 to June 1992. Interventions: 148 Patients (67%) underwent appendicectomy and the remaining 74 patients were observed. 193 Patients (87%) had a diagnostic US examination. 21 Predictive vari ables were collected prospectively to create a scoring system. Main ou tcome measures: Results of surgical pathological findings, clinical ou tcome (observed group), diagnostic US, and values of diagnostic score. Results: The decision to operate was made by a junior surgeon solely on the clinical examination, which yielded a diagnostic accuracy of 76 %, specificity of 58%, and negative appendicectomy rate of 36%. 193 Pa tients underwent diagnostic US conducted by the radiologist on call of whom 123 were operated on, 78 for histologically proven appendicitis. US had a diagnostic accuracy of 72%, sensitivity of 49%, and specific ity of 88%. Of the 21 predictive factors for acute appendicitis 11 wer e significant (p < 0.05): total white cell count (WCC) (>10 x 10(9)/1) , migration of pain to the right lower quadrant, gradual onset of pain , increasing intensity of pain, pain aggravated by movement, pain aggr avated by coughing, anorexia, vomiting, indirect tenderness (Rovsing's sign), muscle spasm, and sex. These 11 predictors were assigned an ap propriate weight, based on the likelihood ratio, and used to create a scoring system. The score performed poorly if it was used to separate patients for observation and those for appendicectomy. However, if the score was used with two cut-off points resulting in three test zones (low, intermediate, and high risk of having acute appendicitis), some diagnostic benefit was seen for those patients within the zones of hig h and low probability. Conclusion: The clinical judgment of a junior s urgeon was disappointing, and diagnostic aids are desirable to reduce the negative appendicectomy rate. Diagnostic US performed poorly as a routine procedure. Application of an up to date scoring system might b e of some help to patients with a high or low probability of acute app endicitis, but any conclusion about its clinical application cannot be drawn from this study.