Effects of heat stress on the antimicrobial drug resistance of Escherichiacoli of the intestinal flora of swine

The effects of heat stress on the antimicrobial drug resistance of Escheric hia coli of the intestinal tract of swine were studied in animals from a fa rm that had not been supplementing antimicrobials in feed for the past 10 y ears. In one study, 10 finisher hogs were heat stressed (34 degrees C) for 24 h. Antimicrobial resistance levels after stress were significantly highe r (P < 0.05) when compared with pre-stress levels for amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, neomycin and tetracycline from faecal samples. This high leve l of resistance persisted to slaughter that occurred at 10 days post-stress for most of the antimicrobials mentioned. In a second study, samples of di fferent sections of the gastrointestinal tract were collected after heat st ress and compared with control, non-stressed animals. Results indicated tha t E. coli which colonized the ileum and caecum had a higher level of resist ance to ampicillin and tetracycline than the E. coil which colonized the co lon and rectum. When animals were exposed to heat stress, resistance to amp icillin and tetracycline of E. coli in the lower digestive tract increased (P < 0.05) to a level similar to that observed in the ileum and caecum. Bas ed on these findings, an investigation was made to test the hypothesis that (a) an increase in intestinal motility increases shedding of resistant E. coli and (b) heat stress induces a reduction in intestinal transit time in swine. For each study, two groups of three, randomly selected finisher hogs each were formed (treated and control groups). In study (a), induction of increased motility and peristalsis was obtained using an intramuscular inje ction of the cholinergic drug neostigmine methylsulphate. Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from the ileum, caecum, colon and rectum after anima ls were slaughtered. A higher level of ampicillin-resistant E. coli was fou nd in the caecum (40%) than in other segments of the intestinal tract. In t reated animals, level of resistance increased for organisms from the colon and rectum. Similar results were obtained for tetracycline resistance. In s tudy (b), intestinal transit time was measured using chromium-EDTA as a mar ker. Swine were euthanized and samples were collected throughout the intest inal tract (duodenum to rectum) 8 h after administration of the marker to c ontrol and heat-stressed animals. Results indicated a reduced transit time for the stressed group. These findings corroborate the initial hypothesis t hat an outflow of resistant organisms moves from the upper tract (ileum and caecum) to the lower tract (colon and rectum).