This paper describes recent developments in planning and management of desi
gnated conservation areas in Finland and Sweden with particular emphasis on
the conservation priorities, ecological management practices and socio-eco
nomic ramifications. One of the main objectives of the newly reformed fores
t and conservation legislation is the adoption of a two-track approach - es
tablishment of a sufficient network of nature conservation areas and an eco
logically sustainable forestry. Priorities for ecological and socio-economi
c research in this context are suggested in the paper. The need for a prope
r valuation of non-wood benefits of forests is particularly emphasized.