The F-ATPases synthesize ATP using a transmembrane ionmotive force (IMF) es
tablished by the electron transport chain. This transduction involves first
converting the IMF to a rotary torque in the transmembrane F-0 portion. Th
is torque is communicated from F-0 to the F-1 portion where the energy is u
sed to release the newly synthesized ATP from the catalytic sites according
to Boyer's binding change mechanism. Here we explain the principle by whic
h an IMF generates this rotary torque in the F-0 ion engine.