The effect of frequency and mode of sports activity on the psychological status in tetraplegics and paraplegics

Objective: To examine whether the psychological benefits of sports activity differ between tetraplegics and paraplegics with spinal cord injury, and i nvestigate the effect of frequency and modes of sports activity on the psyc hological benefits. Methods: The Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), State-Trait Anxiety Invent ory (STAI) and Profiles of Mood States (POMS) were administered to 169 male individuals with spinal cord injury (mean age = 42.7 years) including 53 t etraplegics and 116 paraplegics. The subjects were divided into four groups according to their frequencies of sports activity; High-active (more than three times a week; n = 32), Middle-active (once or twice a week, n = 41), Low-active (once to three times a month, n = 32), and Inactive (no sports p articipation, n = 64). Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in depressio n for SDS, trait anxiety for STAI and depression and vigor for POMS among t he groups. High-active group showed the lowest scores of depression and tra it anxiety and the highest score of vigor among the four groups. In contras t, no significant difference was found for any psychological measurements b etween tetraplegics and paraplegics. In addition, there was no significant difference for any psychological measurements among modes (wheelchair baske tball, wheelchair racing, wheelchair tennis and minor modes). Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that sports activity can improve t he psychological status, irrespective of tetraplegics and paraplegics, and that the psychological benefits are emphasized by sports activity at high f requency.