Diagnostic criteria for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A positionpaper

The unique clinical characteristics of primary progressive multiple scleros is (PPMS) pose particular diagnostic difficulties, both in excluding other causes of progressive syndromes and in confirming the diagnosis of MS, whic h is not adequately addressed by current diagnostic criteria. This article presents new diagnostic criteria developed by a group of investigators on t he basis of a review of their considerable experience with PPMS. (We conclu de that at least 1 year of clinical progression must be documented before a diagnosis of PPMS is made.) Three levels of diagnostic certainty have been defined-definite, probable, and possible-based on clinical findings, abnor mal cerebrospinal fluid, abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, and evoked potentials. In definite PPMS, evid ence of intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G together with one of the following three MRI criteria is required: (1) nine brain lesions, (2) two s pinal cord lesions, or (3) four to eight brain lesions and one spinal cord lesion. Preliminary testing of these criteria was carried out on a cohort o f 156 patients participating in a European natural history study of PPMS: 6 4% fulfilled the criteria for definite PPMS, 35% for probable PPMS, and onl y 1% for possible PPMS. These criteria now require prospective validation i n a cohort of newly diagnosed patients and by postmortem examination.